101 AH

In the face of Umayyad domination, the Shia community sought validation and a framework within which to articulate their beliefs. This endeavor manifested in the compilation of hadith and the narratives surrounding the Ahlul Bayt. Scholars such as Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq, often credited as a paragon of Islamic thought, became pivotal figures. His teachings on jurisprudence, ethics, and spirituality significantly contributed to the theological grounding of Shia Islam, promoting a model of leadership based on knowledge and moral integrity.

An essential component of Shia teaching that emerged during this period is the distinction between the temporal authority of caliphs and the spiritual authority of the Imams. The Imam, in Shia theology, is regarded as a divinely appointed leader who possesses profound knowledge and, importantly, infallibility in moral and spiritual matters. This notion further delineates the Shia from their Sunni counterparts, who perceive the caliphate as a political institution determined by the consensus of the ummah.

In 101 AH, as the Umayyads reinforced their influence, Shia scholars began to articulate a clearer theology of resistance. Central to this discourse was the question of justice—both divine and social. The Shia doctrine emphasizes the necessity of aggrandizing justice as a means of reflecting God’s will on earth. This belief system inherently challenges oppressive political structures. Thus, Shia Muslims of this era were not merely passive observers but engaged in what we might now classify as activism, striving to implement justice as consistent with their faith.