Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Furthermore, Abd al-Malik is noted for his suppression of opposition, particularly towards the followers of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first Shia Imam. His policies cultivated an environment of suspicion and repression, which deepened the discord between his regime and the nascent Shia community. Such historical undercurrents are critical for contemporary Shia understanding, as they frame the continued emphasis on the struggle against tyranny and injustice within Shia ethics.

Religious Reforms and their Significance

Under Abd al-Malik’s authority, several religious reforms were instituted which significantly impacted the Islamic theological landscape. He is credited with promoting the Arabic language as the administrative and liturgical language of the empire, a shift that was designed to solidify Arab supremacy within the expanding Islamic world. However, for Shia scholars, the promotion of Arabic transcended mere language; it represented a broader cultural hegemony that marginalized non-Arab Muslims, thereby contravening the inclusive ideals of Islam that recognized unity among all believers.