In stark contrast, prohibited acts (Haram) are actions that are explicitly forbidden. Engaging in these acts not only incurs divine displeasure but may also lead to social discord. The consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs, for example, is universally acknowledged as haram. The rationale behind these prohibitions is grounded in the preservation of individual health and societal welfare.
Moving beyond the binary of obligation and prohibition, recommended acts (Mustahabb) encompass actions that are meritorious but not obligatory. Engaging in such acts can accrue spiritual rewards and enhance one’s moral standing in the eyes of God. Examples include performing additional prayers, giving alms beyond the obligatory zakat, and acts of kindness toward others. Shia teachings espouse the idea that cultivating oneself through mustahabb acts can lead to a more profound relationship with God.
On the other end of the spectrum, disliked acts (Makruh) are those that are not sinful but are discouraged. While not resulting in punishment, refraining from makruh acts is advised in pursuit of a higher moral standard. This can include acts such as excessive spending and boastfulness, which detract from one’s humility and spiritual development.
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