Marwan b. Hakam

4. The Accusations Against Marwan

The Shia scholarship and narrative often cast Marwan as an arch-villain within the annals of Islamic history. One of the most severe accusations leveled against him was his role in the brutal suppression of the subsequent civil war known as the Second Fitna. The Umayyads, under Marwan’s leadership, adopted extreme measures to eliminate opposition, including exile, imprisonment, and execution of key Shia figures. The pervasive fear and mistrust that characterized his regime fostered a deep-seated animosity towards his rule.

While it is crucial to recognize political context, the perpetuation of his unflattering image has implications for Shia doctrines regarding leadership and legitimacy. For adherents, Marwan symbolizes the archetypical tyrant, whose reign warrants critical examination from both theological and ethical perspectives.