Muhammad Muhsin Fayd al-Kashani

This delineation of spiritual authority underscores the Shia conviction that the Imams possess esoteric knowledge (ilm al-ladunni) that enables them to interpret religious texts and provide insight into contemporary issues. Fayd al-Kashani’s explanation of the Imamate includes discussions on the intrinsic qualities of the Imams, their infallibility, and their role in preserving the teachings of Islam through the ages.

4. Ethics and Spirituality

Fayd al-Kashani’s ethical teachings are deeply rooted in the Islamic moral tradition and are characterized by a holistic approach toward spiritual development. He articulates that ethical behavior is not merely a matter of following prescribed laws; it encompasses the cultivation of virtues such as compassion, humility, and justice. His work encourages believers to engage in self-reflection and self-purification (tazkiyah) to attain spiritual excellence.