Sayyid Ali Tabatabai

At the heart of Sayyid Tabatabai’s teachings lies a profound philosophical foundation. He was heavily influenced by Neoplatonism, which informed his metaphysical inquiries. His seminal works, particularly in the realm of ontology and epistemology, explore the relationship between existence and essence. He espoused the notion of a hierarchical reality, emphasizing that the fundamental source of all existence is a transcendent Being. Through this lens, he articulated a comprehensive worldview that integrated both the spiritual and material realms.

3. Grace and Free Will

A critical aspect of Sayyid Tabatabai’s theological perspective is the interplay between divine grace and human free will. He argued against the deterministic narratives prevalent in some interpretations of Islam, advocating for a model where human agency plays an essential role in moral accountability. This nuanced understanding posits that while divine grace is critical for spiritual awakening, individuals retain the capacity to choose their path, thereby fostering a robust sense of personal responsibility within the community.