The four main sources of ijtihad

Human society is inherently social, and thus the concept of consensus, or ijma, holds significant weight in Shia jurisprudence. Ijma is viewed as the collective agreement of a community of scholars on a particular issue, with the understanding that such consensus reflects a deeper understanding of divine wisdom. It is an affirmation that the guidance of the Qur’an and the Sunnah resonates within the collective experience of the faithful.

This source of ijtihad does not merely represent a majoritarian view; rather, it encapsulates the idea that wisdom can emerge from diverse perspectives converging upon a singular understanding. It invites scholars to engage in respectful dialogue, fostering a spirit of collaboration rather than contention. The genius of ijma lies in its capacity to adapt to changing realities and reflect contemporary challenges while remaining faithful to foundational texts.

In periods of sociopolitical upheaval or moral dilemmas, ijma serves as a refuge—a unifying force that restores coherence amongst factions. It emphasizes the importance of scholarly dialogue, thereby cultivating a community of interpretation that fortifies the faith and promotes a profound understanding of shared values.